Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev (Russian Russian is the most geographically widespread language of Eurasia, the most widely spoken of the Slavic languages, and the largest native language in Europe. Russian belongs to the family of Indo-European languages and is one of three (or four including Rusyn) living members of the East Slavic languages. Written examples of Old East Slavonic are: Михаил Сергеевич Горбачёв Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachyov [mʲɪxɐˈil sʲɪrˈɡʲeɪvʲɪtɕ ɡərbɐˈtɕof] ( listen); born 2 March 1931) was the seventh and last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union The General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the title synonymous with the leader of the Soviet Union after Joseph Stalin's consolidation of power in the 1920s, serving from 1985 until 1991, and the last head of state of the USSR The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR, Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик, tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik IPA: [sɐˈjus sɐˈvʲeʦkʲɪx səʦɨəlʲɪˈstʲiʨɪskʲɪx rʲɪsˈpublʲɪk] , abbreviated СССР, SSSR), informally known as the Soviet Union (Russian:, serving from 1988 until its collapse in 1991.
He was the only Soviet leader to have been born after the October Revolution The October Revolution , also known as the Russian Revolution, Great October Socialist Revolution, Red October or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917. It took place with an armed insurrection in Petrograd traditionally dated to 25 October 1917 Julian calendar (7 November 1917 Gregorian of 1917. In 1989, he became the first and only Soviet leader to visit China China is seen variously as an ancient civilization extending over a large area in East Asia, a nation and/or a multinational entity since the Sino-Soviet split The Sino–Soviet split was the gradual worsening of relations between the People's Republic of China and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) during the Cold War (1945–91). Since 1956, the countries had (secretly) been diverging ideologically, and, beginning in 1961, the Chinese Communists formally denounced “The Revisionist Traitor in the 1960s.
Gorbachev was born in Stavropol Krai Stavropol Krai is a federal subject of Russia (a krai). Its administrative center is the city of Stavropol into a peasant Ukrainian Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly—citizens of Ukraine (who may or may not be ethnic Ukrainians). Some 200 years ago and times prior to that, Ukrainians were usually referred to and known as Ruthenians (Ukrainian: Русини, Rusyny)-Russian Other Slavic peoples, especially East Slavs family, and in his teens operated combine harvesters The combine harvester, or simply combine, is a machine that harvests grain crops. It combined into a single operation what previously had taken three separate operations . Among the crops harvested with a combine are wheat, oats, rye, barley, corn (maize), soybeans, and flax (linseed). The waste straw left behind on the field is the remaining on collective farms Collective farming is an organization of agricultural production in which the holdings of several farmers are run as a joint enterprise. A collective farm is essentially an agricultural production cooperative in which members-owners engage jointly in farming activities. Typical examples of collective farms are the kolkhozy that dominated Soviet. He graduated from Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , for a time the Lomonosov University or MSU (Russian: университе́т Ломоно́сова, Universitét Lomonósova; Russian: МГУ, MGU), is the largest university in Russia. Founded in 1755, it also claims to be the oldest university in Russia and to have the tallest educational building in in 1955 with a degree in law. While at university, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the only legal, ruling political party in the Soviet Union and one of the largest communist organizations in the world. It lost its dominance in the wake of the failed August 1991 coup d'état attempt led by communist hardliners, and soon became very active within it. In 1970, he was appointed the First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, First Secretary to the Supreme Soviet in 1974, and appointed a member of the Politburo Politburo, from German Politbüro, short for Politisches Büro des Zentralkomitees , (Russian: Политическое Бюро; Politicheskoye Byuro), is the executive committee for a number of communist political parties in 1979. Within three years of the deaths of Soviet Leaders Leonid Brezhnev Leonid Ilyich Brezhnev (Russian: Леони́д Ильи́ч Бре́жнев , December 19, 1906 – November 10, 1982) was the fourth General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, serving from 1964 until his death in 1982. His eighteen year term as General Secretary was one of the lengthiest, second only to that of Joseph, Yuri Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 12 November 1982 until his death fifteen months later, and Konstantin Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union from 13 February 1984, until his death just thirteen months later on 10 March 1985. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 11 April 1984, until his death, Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo in 1985. Already before he reached the post, he had occasionally been mentioned in western newspapers as a likely next leader and a man of the younger generation at the top level.
Gorbachev's attempts at reform as well as summit conferences with United States President Ronald Reagan Ronald Wilson Reagan was the 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975) and his reorientation of Soviet strategic aims contributed to the end of the Cold War The Cold War was the continuing state of political conflict, military tension, proxy wars, and economic competition existing after World War II (1939–1945), primarily between the Soviet Union and its satellite states, and the powers of the Western world, particularly the United States. Although the primary participants' military forces never, ended the political supremacy of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the only legal, ruling political party in the Soviet Union and one of the largest communist organizations in the world. It lost its dominance in the wake of the failed August 1991 coup d'état attempt led by communist hardliners (CPSU), and led to the dissolution of the Soviet Union The Soviet Union's collapse into independent nations began early in 1985. After years of Soviet military buildup at the expense of domestic development, economic growth was at a standstill. Failed attempts at reform, a stagnant economy, and war in Afghanistan led to a general feeling of discontent, especially[citation needed] in the Baltic. He was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize The Nobel Peace Prize is one of the five Nobel Prizes bequeathed by the Swedish industrialist and inventor Alfred Nobel in 1990.
In September 2008, Gorbachev and billionaire Alexander Lebedev Alexander Yevgenievich Lebedev is a Russian businessman, referred to as one of the Russian oligarchs announced they would form the Independent Democratic Party of Russia The Independent Democratic Party of Russia is the proposed name of a new liberal party that in late September 2008 was announced to be founded by the former President of the Soviet Union Mikhail Gorbachev and the billionaire and State Duma deputy of Fair Russia Alexander Lebedev. The Union of Social Democrats is said to be its main base, but,[1] and in May 2009 Gorbachev announced that the launch was imminent.[2] This was Gorbachev's third attempt to establish a political party, after having started the Social Democratic Party of Russia The Social Democratic Party of Russia was a political party founded in Russia by Mikhail Gorbachev on November 26, 2001. First name of party is: Social Democratic Party of Russia (United). It was a coalition of several social democratic parties, had approximately 12,000 members, but had no seats in the Russian State Duma. Gorbachev resigned as in 2001 and the Union of Social-Democrats Union of Social Democrats is an all-Russian non-governmental organization founded on October 20, 2007 by former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev in 2007.[3]
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Early life
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Gorbachev was born on 2 March 1931 in Stavropol Stavropol is a city located in south-western Russia and is the administrative center of Stavropol Krai. Population: 355,900 (2005 est.);[citation needed] 354,867 (2002 Census); 318,298 (1989 Census), Russian SFSR The Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (Russian: Росси́йская Сове́тская Федерати́вная Социалисти́ческая Респу́блика , transliterated as Rossiyskaya Sovetskaya Federativnaya Sotsialisticheskaya Respublika [RSFSR]), also called the Russian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic,, Soviet Union The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia from 1922 to 1991. The name is a translation of the Russian: Союз Советских Социалистических Республик (help·info), tr. Soyuz Sovetskikh Sotsialisticheskikh Respublik, IPA [sɐˈjʊs sɐˈvʲeʦkʲɪx səʦɪ into a peasant mixed Russian Other Slavic peoples, especially East Slavs -Ukrainian Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group primarily living in Ukraine, or more broadly—citizens of Ukraine (who may or may not be ethnic Ukrainians). Some 200 years ago and times prior to that, Ukrainians were usually referred to and known as Ruthenians (Ukrainian: Русини, Rusyny) family, and in his teens operated combine harvesters on collective farms. He graduated from Moscow State University M. V. Lomonosov Moscow State University , for a time the Lomonosov University or MSU (Russian: университе́т Ломоно́сова, Universitét Lomonósova; Russian: МГУ, MGU), is the largest university in Russia. Founded in 1755, it also claims to be the oldest university in Russia and to have the tallest educational building in in 1955 with a degree in law. While at university, he joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union The Communist Party of the Soviet Union was the only legal, ruling political party in the Soviet Union and one of the largest communist organizations in the world. It lost its dominance in the wake of the failed August 1991 coup d'état attempt led by communist hardliners and soon became very active within it.
Marriage and family
Gorbachev met his future wife, Raisa Titarenko, at Moscow State University. They married in September 1953 and moved to Stavropol upon graduation. She gave birth to their only child, daughter Irina Mihailovna Virganskaya (Ири́на Миха́йловна Вирга́нская), in 1957. Raisa Gorbachev died of Leukemia Leukemia or leukaemia (British English; Greek leukos λευκός, "white"; aima αίμα, "blood") is a cancer of the blood or bone marrow characterized by an abnormal increase of blood cells, usually leukocytes (white blood cells). Leukemia is a broad term covering a spectrum of diseases. In turn, it is part of the even in 1999.[4]
Rise in the Communist Party
Gorbachev visiting a pig farm in East Germany The German Democratic Republic , informally called East Germany by the West, was the socialist state established in 1949 in the Soviet zone of occupied Germany and in the East Berlin portion of the Allied-occupied capital city. The German Democratic Republic, which consisted geographically of northeast Germany rather than all of eastern Germany,, 10 June 1966Gorbachev attended the important twenty-second Party Congress in October 1961, where Nikita Khrushchev Nikita Sergeyevich Khrushchev led the Soviet Union during the Cold War. He served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1953 to 1964, and as Chairman of the Council of Ministers, or Premier, from 1958 to 1964. Khrushchev was responsible for the partial de-Stalinization of the Soviet Union, for backing the progress of announced a plan to surpass the U.S. in per capita production within twenty years. At this point in his life, Gorbachev would rise in the Communist League hierarchy and worked his way up through territorial leagues of the party. He was promoted to Head of the Department of Party Organs in the Stavropol Agricultural Kraikom in 1963.[5]
In 1970, he was appointed First Party Secretary of the Stavropol Kraikom, a body of the CPSU, becoming one of the youngest provincial party chiefs in the nation.[5] In this position he helped reorganise the collective farms, improve workers' living conditions, expand the size of their private plots, and gave them a greater voice in planning.[5]
He was soon made a member of the Communist Party Central Committee The Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, abbreviated in Russian as ЦК, "Tse-ka", was the highest body of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union . Its full name was Центральный комитет Коммунистической партии Советского Союза = ЦК КПСС; Tsentralniy in 1971. Three years later, in 1974, he was made a Representative to the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union and Chairman of the Standing Commission on Youth Affairs. He was subsequently appointed to the Central Committee's Secretariat for Agriculture in 1978, replacing Fyodor Kulakov, who had supported Gorbachev's appointment, after Kulakov died of a heart attack.[5][6] In 1979, Gorbachev was promoted to the Politburo Politburo, from German Politbüro, short for Politisches Büro des Zentralkomitees , (Russian: Политическое Бюро; Politicheskoye Byuro), is the executive committee for a number of communist political parties, the highest authority in the country, and received full membership in 1980. Gorbachev owed his steady rise to power to the patronage of Mikhail Suslov, the powerful chief ideologist of the CPSU.[7]
During Yuri Andropov Yuri Vladimirovich Andropov was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 12 November 1982 until his death fifteen months later's tenure as General Secretary (1982–1984), Gorbachev became one of the Politburo's most visible and active members.[7] With responsibility over personnel, working together with Andropov, 20 percent of the top echelon of government ministers and regional governors were replaced, often with younger men. During this time Grigory Romanov, Nikolai Ryzhkov, and Yegor Ligachev were elevated, the latter two working closely with Gorbachev, Ryzhkov on economics, Ligachev on personnel.[8][page needed]
Gorbachev's positions within the CPSU created more opportunities to travel abroad, and this would profoundly affect his political and social views in the future as leader of the country. In 1972, he headed a Soviet delegation to Belgium,[5] and three years later he led a delegation to West Germany; in 1983 he headed a delegation to Canada to meet with Prime Minister The Prime Minister of Canada is the primary Minister of the Crown, chairman of the Cabinet, and thus head of government for Canada, charged with advising the Canadian monarch or viceroy on the exercise of the executive powers vested in them by the constitution. Not outlined in any constitutional document, the office exists only as per long- Pierre Trudeau Joseph Philippe Pierre Yves Elliott Trudeau, PC, CC, CH, QC, MSRC , usually known as Pierre Trudeau or Pierre Elliott Trudeau, was the 15th Prime Minister of Canada from 20 April 1968 to 4 June 1979, and again from 3 March 1980 to 30 June 1984 and members of the Commons The House of Commons of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the Sovereign (represented by the Governor General) and the Senate. The House of Commons is a democratically elected body, consisting of 308 members known as Members of Parliament (MPs). Members are elected by simple plurality ('first-past-the-post' system) in and Senate The Senate of Canada is a component of the Parliament of Canada, along with the monarch (represented by the governor general) and the House of Commons. The Senate consists of 105 members appointed by the Governor General on the advice of the prime minister. Seats are assigned on a regional basis, with each of the four major regions receiving 24. In 1984, he travelled to the United Kingdom, where he met British Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, LG, OM, PC, FRS served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1979 to 1990 and Leader of the Conservative Party from 1975 to 1990. She is the only woman to have held either post.
Upon Andropov's death in 1984, the aged Konstantin Chernenko Konstantin Ustinovich Chernenko was a Soviet politician and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He led the Soviet Union from 13 February 1984, until his death just thirteen months later on 10 March 1985. Chernenko was also Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 11 April 1984, until his death took power; after his death the following year, it became clear to the party hierarchy that younger leadership was needed.[9] Gorbachev was elected General Secretary by the Politburo on 11 March 1985, only three hours after Chernenko's death. Upon his accession at age 54, he was the youngest member of the Politburo.[7]
General Secretary of the CPSU
Mikhail Gorbachev was the Party's first leader to have been born after the Revolution The Russian Revolution is the collective term for the series of revolutions in Russia in 1917, which destroyed the Tsarist autocracy and led to the creation of the Soviet Union. In the first revolution of February 1917 , the Tsar was deposed and replaced by a Provisional government. In the second revolution, during October, the Provisional. As de facto ruler of the USSR, he tried to reform the stagnating Party and the state economy by introducing glasnost Glasnost (Russian: Гла́сность, IPA: [ˈɡlasnəsʲtʲ] , Openness) was the policy of maximal publicity, openness, and transparency in the activities of all government institutions in the Soviet Union, together with freedom of information, introduced by Mikhail Gorbachev in the second half of the 1980s ("openness"), perestroika Perestroika (Russian: Перестройка) was a political movement within the Communist Party of Soviet Union widely associated with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev. Its literal meaning is "restructuring", referring to the restructuring of the Soviet political and economic system ("restructuring"), demokratizatsiya Demokratizatsiya was a slogan introduced by General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev in January 1987 calling for the infusion of "democratic" elements into the Soviet Union's single-party government. The uniqueness of the term lies in its perception by Gorbachev, for whom demokratizatsiya meant the introduction of multi-candidate-not ("democratization"), and uskoreniye Uskoreniye was a slogan and a policy announced by Communist Party General Secretary Mikhail Gorbachev on April 20, 1985 at a Soviet Party Plenum, aimed at the acceleration of social and economical development of the Soviet Union. It was the first slogan of his set of reforms that also included perestroika (restructuring), glasnost (transparency), ("acceleration" of economic development), which were launched at the 27th Congress of the CPSU in February 1986.
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Thu, 08 Jul 2010 20:52:44 GMT+00:00
Wall Street Journal ... and neither are the members of the star-studded cast of commentators Mikhail Gorbachev , Henry Kissinger, Colin Powell, Condoleezza Rice, Sam Nunn, ...
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Mikhail Gorbachev AKA Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev Born 2 Mar 1931
highlandcross
Mon, 23 Aug 2010 13:35:00 GM
The investigator in this real-life Gallic version of The X-Files is Yvan Blanc, a diminutive, balding, 57-year-old engineer who bears a striking resemblance to former Soviet leader . Mikhail Gorbachev. . Until last year, Blanc was a ...
